Three Possible Interstellar Propulsion Systems

System One - Alcubierre Style Propulsion or Travel

System Two - Wormhole Propulsion or Travel

System Three - Hyperspace Propulsion or Travel

According to the modern theories of Miguel Alcubierre the type of space time manipulation pictured as System One is theoretically possible dependant on a method "to create or negate mass." On one hand the overall mechanical impulse is pulling the destination space-time in the direction of the impulse, essentially creating a hole in the destination space. This attraction is reinforced by a repulsive force generated by a corresponding increase in energy in the space behind or surrounding the starship, essentially forcing the starship out of this space. Eventually this huge difference in energy will be released and by riding this huge release of energy or stress in space-time the starship can hop or jump from point to point, almost like a surfer rides a wave.

Using a wormhole, as in System Two, the spaceship does not even need to travel through the intervening space between the two points. Rather than the present concept of teleportation, in which objects are dematerialized, transmitted and then rematerialized, a wormhole is much simpler. With this interstellar system, two points in the universe can be made to exist simultaneously in the same Space/Time, and your destination is chosen merely by deciding which point you wish to exist in, or travelling from one side to the other. So the complex structure of the actual vehicle is maintained because no dematerialization occurs. The vehicle would need to manipulate space and time into a wormhole, thus changing the distance and time between the two points. The field of the vehicle could focus energy in order to react more strongly with the harmonics of the destination space and thus draw it closer.

Hyperspace travel occurs as in System Three. The requirements for hyperspace travel are the existance of a hyperspace or subspace and a unique signature for every point in space and time. With hyperspace travel, the huge energy required to traverse the distance traveled is built up over time, while in a fixed position. In this manner the ship can be fed energy or build up its own energy while still in local space before it actually moves anywhere. The ship requires much more time to charge between jumps than the actual time it takes to make the jumps themselves. When sufficient energy is stored, the starship then releases this energy in an extremely small amount of time to enter hyperspace. Once, in hyperspace all concepts of time and distance are meaningless. It is as if everything is in the exact same place and time. Thus there would need to be some further definition as to what makes each point and time unique, so we could successfully navigate from one to another.

Recently new theories and mathematical solutions have come to light in the physics institutions which are beginning to lay down the framework of these exact same relationships.

The Warp Drive: Hyper-fast Travel Within General Relativity By Miguel Alcubierre

Interstellar Travel by Means of Wormhole Induction Propulsion By Eric W. Davis

The Theory of Buckhard Heim and its Presentation of Hyperspace Travel (link)

Source for Buckhard Heim's Abstract and Paper (link)

Guidelines for Space Propulsion Utilizing Buckhard Heim's Theory (link)

Mars Express?
A news article on hyperspace travel according to Buckhard Heim (link)

Alcubeirre Style Propulsion

How to Travel to the Stars Part 5

This is the quick and somewhat simple explanation of how the OVAL interstellar device operates. Please remember this summary relies heavily on the information covered in the previous pages. The priciples of its operation are quite complicated and this summary should be regarded as mearly overviewing the most important points. Further questions and comments can be emailed directly to me from the contact page. You should know these ideas are not entirely my own, but have progressed from studying current scientific research and I have made every effort to reference such previous research as much as possible.

Electromagnetism and Gravity

To grasp electromagnetic propulsion, the only thing you need to learn is the Right Hand Rule for the Lorentz Force. All electromagnetic propulsion, generators and motors rely upon this rule to operate. The right hand rule applies to all volumes of Space/Time, including the Earth. You can use the right hand rule to show the Lorentz force as the cause of the Earth's rotation, which you can see for yourself.

You can see for yourself the direction of the magnetic field acting on your body right now, with a compass, and you will find the magnetic field acts in the North/South direction or dimension. Most people do not know there is a huge electrical field acting in the vertical or Up/Down direction or dimension( much stronger than gravity). Lightning, tether generation and atmospheric electricity are examples of this electrical potential around the Earth. If you stick a wire in the ground and support the other end high in the air, it will produce electrical power( about 100V/ meter of wire in fact ).

Knowing the direction of the magnetic field and the direction of the electric field acting upon you, we can use the Right Hand Rule to predict the direction of the Lorentz Force. The right hand rule predicts the force will be in the East/West direction, which is the direction in which the Earth rotates. So using the Right Hand Rule, we can see the fundamental forces at work which define the space you sit in right now. The concepts may seem somewhat abstract to you at first, but what I am saying is backed by Lorentz and Einstein, not contradictory to it. This is a simpler way of understanding the world around us, not another complex hard to understand theory.

The only thing confusing about the Right Hand Rule is there are a few different explanations of it online. Sometimes it is called Flemings Left Hand Rule, and there is another right hand rule for showing the direction of a magnetic field around a current, which is a little different. Basically, the right hand rule is a way to show forces in three different dimensions, x/y/z or Up/down Left/Right Front/Back, by pointing the digits of your hand in three different directions. The Lorentz equation states there is a specific relationship between these three forces, which always act according to this rule. They sometimes call this crossed fields or BxB or ExB or ExE where B represents the magnetic field and E or I(current) represents the electric field. The force is usually an F or v for force or velocity.

Figure 1 summarizes the key electromagnetic interactions known to science. All these interactions are utilized in the OVAL interstellar propulsion system, which required the previous explanations and discussions of electromagnetic theory. In this diagram, the final type of electromagnetic field is termed Vortexmal, for lack of a better name. This unique arrangement of electric and magnetic fields in co-rotation, produces a unidirectional Lorentz force upon the electromagnetic fields themselves. One could call this special arrangement of fields whatever they want, just know the existance of this unique arrangement of electromagnetic fields is very real.

Figure 1. Table of Common Electromagnetic Interactions

We see a much better representation of this same exact case of co-rotating electric and magnetic fields in Figure 2. We can have a rotating electric field in the same plane of rotation as a rotating magnetic field. This specific arrangement and rotation of electromagnetic fields, induces a Lorentz force upon those fields. This is absolutely true and proven within current electromagnetic theory. We see a real example of this concept occuring in the alternating current conduction pump, in which the electromagnetic fields alternate but the pumping force is unidirectional. The Lorentz force is the fundamental principle behind all modern electric motors and generators. It is a well known physical law.

Figure 2

Rotating Electromagnetic Field

Of most important note is that although electromagnetic fields are involved in this particular situation, we would have difficulty measuring any static electromagnetic fields external to this system. The electromagnetic field around this system is in alternation, and does not appear as a static electric or magnetic field. Just like an atom is considered electrically neutral although it is composed of separate protons and electrons in motion, which must have an associated electric and magnetic field. We find the characteristics of this type of electromagnetic field, depends more upon on the rate of rotation and intensity of the electromagnetic fields. We see in this system, there is not really any specific direction to the magnetic field or the electric field, because they are both in rotation. Thus in this case the electromagnetic fields themselves can not be the only consideration. More importantly we must consider the rate of rotation and the resulting Lorentz force of these fields, in order to accurately predict what will happen external to this system.

What this special case suggests is a "density" or concentration of co-rotating electromagnetic fields can and does exist in nature. Huge quantities of electromagnetic energy can exist in rotation, in a confined space, without reacting in an ordinary electromagnetic sense. In fact, what we find is we must consider the "kinetic energy" or "momentum" induced by the electromagnetic Lorentz forces. These Lorentz forces are real forces which can and do accelerate or decelerate mass and electromagnetic energy. These Lorentz forces due to electromagnetic fields will apply not only on small atomic or subatomic scales but on macroscopic scales as well. In fact this type of electromagnetic field producing Lorentz forces ( or electromagnetodynamic field ), can exist across the entire electromagnetic spectrum. These Lorentz forces provide the mechanism for transfer of momentum, a better definition of mass, and a much better understanding of gravity. The link between quantum mechanics and relativistic mechanics requires the introduction of a third field of force which itself is not electromagnetic, but kinetic. It seems we need to consider the existance of a field of force, or logitudinal waveforms in space, as well as the transverse electromagnetic waves.

The OVAL space propulsion system applies this concept of an induced Lorentz force using powerful co-rotating electromagnetic fields. Of most important note is that although this form of interstellar propulsion is utilizing electric and magnetic fields, the key is to contain the electromagnetic fields so there is no electromagnetic field radiated by the space vehicle. It is using a rapidlly alternating, contained electromagnetic field to induce an electromagnetic field in the space external to the vehicle. Thus the vehicle is acting like the armature of an electric motor, and the external environment is reacting as the stator. Thus this system is utilizing a more direct and fundamental means of propulsion. In fact, we find the Lorentz equations of electromagnetodynamics to be the theory from which came modern Relativity. Lorentz forces do indeed lie at the heart of modern scientific theory.

History of the Lorentz Transformations and the development of Relativity Theory

Astronomy Text Article about Gravitational Radiation
Propogation of Mechanical Waves through Space

Albert Einstein and the Mathematics of Interstellar Propulsion

The theories of Albert Einstein and Lorentz define the theoretical framework within which this space propulsion system operates. There exists direct observable, real world applications and consequences of relativity and the strong suggestion of a unified nature to our Universe. Although many physicists would disagree, there exists considerable evidence to support the fact that Albert Einstein did indeed produce an involved form of his "Unified Field Theory For Gravitation and Electromagnetism." The exact mathematical proof was perhaps not entirely worked out ( or at least not published in its entirety), but it was worked out to the point where it could predict observations and suggest possible experiments( atomic energy being a good example).

It has been ascertained one of the motivating factors for Mr. Einstein's work on the Unified Field Theory was for his desire to develop some framework within which an advanced space propulsion system could be realized, especially a system which could cover vast interstellar distances. One of Einstein's famous thought experiments questioned how exactly an electron can traverse immense distances between atoms at incredible velocities which, if considered on a macroscopic scale, is akin to our Earth traversing the distance to another solar system. Indeed within relativity is is impossible for any amount of electric forces to accelerate even the small mass of the electron to velocities near the speed of light. There still remain many unresolved contradictions within modern scientific understanding.

I want to step back a little and try a better explanation. I will start with the current idea of light and go from there. Although there are many websites which explain, "What is Light?" I will just use this one, for no specific reason. It is just one of many websites which say this same information

http://www.howstuffworks.com/light2.htm.

I Quote from the above webpage:
"A light wave consists of energy in the form of electric and magnetic fields. The fields vibrate at right angles to the direction of movement of the wave, and at right angles to each other."

If you look at the websites below, you can see a visual representation and the math equations of this definition of light.

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/waves/emwv.html
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/waves/emwavecon.html#c1

I use these same exact descriptions, diagrams and explanations of light on my website. I didn't make any of this up.

Now where I differ from the scientific community, has to do with the Magnetohydrodynamic pumps I always refer too. The math equation for Magnetohydrodynamics is essentially the same exact math equation as what is used for the Poynting Vector of light. You can see the math for the Lorentz Equation and for the Poynting Vector here:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poynting_vector
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorentz_force

The only difference in the two equations is the Lorentz equation is related to the charge on electrons, whereas the Poynting vector is not. If we generalize the Lorentz Equation, so that it does not depend on electron charge, it becomes the Poynting Equation. This is the only leap required for my explanation to fit into modern scienctific explanation of light.

There is physical evidence that this generalization is the correct model for light.

We can examine the electromagnetic fields occuring in the Alternating Current Conduction Pump which I have posted animations and explanations of on my website. This specific MHD pump, the Alternating Current Conduction Pump, produces the same exact relationship of electromagnetic fields to motion, as we see in light. The Alternating Current Conduction Pump creates electromagnetic "fields" which "vibrate at right angles to the direction of movement of the" water, "and at right angles to each other." This is almost word for word the explanation of the electromagnetic field of light I quoted above. When we arrange electromagnetic fields which "vibrate at right angles to each other", we create a FORCE. This happens with the electromagnetic fields of light, exactly as it happens in the Alternating Current Conduction Pump. The electromagnetic fields of both these cases, are exactly the same.

The only difference is we have water in one case, and vacuum or space in the other case. What this means is simply this: Light moves not just because " light is a wave." Light moves because the electromagnetic fields of the light, produce a force upon the electromagnetic fields, which pushes the fields through space.

Likewise, science currently says the Earth rotates because it was set spinning along time ago and there is no forces to stop it from spinning in space. This is simply wrong. It is the Lorentz forces produced by the Electromagnetic Fields of the Earth, which rotate the Earth. The magnetic field of the Earth and the Electric Field of the Earth, are also "at right angles to each other" and "at right angles to the direction of movement of the" Earth's rotation.

I do not think this is all coincidence. I could give you hundreds more websites and examples which prove all of this is true. I will instead repeat this quote from Albert Einstein:

"Now, but only now, we know that the force which moves electrons in their ellipses about the nuclei of atoms is the same force which moves our Earth in its annual course about the sun and is the same force which brings to us the rays of light and heat which make life possible on this planet"-Albert Einstein

Einstein is saying the same exact thing in this quotation, as I just said in this email. The same force which moves light, is the same force which moves planet Earth. Not only that, but Einstein himself invented this Alternating Current Conduction Pump of which I speak. Obviously, he was thinking along these exact same lines.

I have just given you math, references, connections, and a quote from Einstein himself. What more evidence does a person need? If I am wrong, then Einstein is wrong. Except we know Einstein's was right, because we use his math to engineer satellites( GPS ), observe deep space, particle colliders, nuclear reactors, MRI machines and so on. If he was wrong, none of these machines would work. Even the Earth would stop spinning, haha.

These atoms which seem so solid, we call them particles, but in reality they are 99.9% empty space. What we think of as Solid Reality is 99.9% empty space. If the proton of a hydrogen atom were the size of the period at the end of this sentence, then the electron would be over 100 meters away. That is alot of empty space, yet we think of atoms as solid particles. Obviously there is something wrong with this interpretation. What Einstein suggested was that atoms were actually, fields of force, and what we detected as solidity was only the Lorentz Force/ Poynting Force of the atomic electromagnetic fields. E = mc^2

The E in this famous equation, is Kinetic Energy or Ek, not electromagnetic energy( E x B ). The electromagnetic energy is simply represented by the c^2.
This is true because we can also write c as c = root( 1/( E x B )) which makes the actual equation:
Kinetic Energy = mass x ( root( 1/( E x B )))^2
Thus mass becomes:
Mass = ( root( 1/( E x B )))^2 / Kinetic Energy
If I were to read this final equation in simple english it defines mass in an interesting way:
The Mass of something is equal to units of Electromagnetic field over Kinetic Energy. Mass is made of 3 components, electromagnetic fields and a kinetic energy. We calculate the kinetic energy of an electromagnetic field, with The Poynting Equation. So again this all ties back together with what I discussed earlier.

To reference back to our earlier email about photons and phonons, I would say that an atom is made of (Photon/Phonon)'s. Where a (Photon/Phonon) is some combination of electromagnetic and kinetic energy. I could say this differently with the same meaning, an atom is made of many quantums of (photon/phonon )'s. A ( Photon/Phonon ) is a single entity, with three properties( electric field x magnetic field / kinetic energy ). Each property defines an axis of the three dimensional volume of the ( photon/phonon ). So that x axis is Electric Field, y axis is Magnetic Field and z axis is direction of motion or Kinetic Energy.

Please read the following copy of Albert Einstein's "Unified Field Theory of Gravitation and Electricity" and his 1929 New York Times article about his Unified Field theory for a glimpse into the far reaching implications of this brilliant mathematical work. Einstein's himself explains how in order to unify gravity and electromagnetism the theory suggests there might exist an ordered harmonic mechanical field pattern as well as the quantum electromagnetic pattern. This third mechanical field of force would limit the probabilities of quantum theory. This in itself a revolutionary idea which greatly simplifies our understanding of the Universe.

Unified Field Theory of Gravitation and Electricity by Albert Einstein PDF file

1929 New York Times Article written by Albert Einstein

Physicist today need to realize the mathematics and theories are all only models of reality. They can be used to efficiently predict events and observations but care must be taken not to loose oneself in the mathematics. When the mathematics becomes overly complicated and abstract it begins to fail because the ability to visualize the practical applications and provide real demonstrations is lost. There are a few mathematicians who can actually visualize what there pages of formula and equations actually represent in observable reality. For example; The principles of gravity and relativity are immense mathematical works yet even a child knows that what goes up must come down. Thus this website seeks to demonstrate the practicality of interstellar propulsion utilizing not pages of mathematics but the real world. It should always be remembered Albert Einstein was attempting to give himself and others a simpler understanding of the world, not some incredibly abstract mathematical construction no-one but himself could understand.

Possibly the most comprehensive evaluation of a link between electromagnetism and gravity in existence to date. This is a serious mathematical research funded by the United States Air Force to examine the possiblity of creating a new form of propulsion using knowledge of a means to effect gravity through electromagnetism.

Electric Propulsion Study
Prepared for
Air Force Space Technology Center

Another serious study on the ability of electromagnetic fields to manipulate inertia.

Propellantless Propulsion by Electromagnetic Inertia Manipulation.
Experiment and Study
By Hector Hugo Brito

Secret to Breaking the Light Barrier

The simplest solution to breaking the light barrier, is to not break it at all. If accelerating to near light speed presents such huge difficulties than why not simply attempt the opposite, deceleration. Even better, would be to nullify the mass of the vehicle entirely or directly control the kinetic energy of a vehicle. If there is no mass, or no inertia, than there is no longer a speed of light limit. The physics community is beginning to warm to the idea of warp travel. There has been a call for papers, and many great ideas are coming forth in this field. The scientists are doing the math on warp travel, and discovering it may no longer be just science fiction.

Figure 7

Relativity and the Speed of Light

In a manner of speaking we are warp travelling right now. Although we cannot feel it, the Earth is rotating at an immense velocity, and travelling through space at an even higher velocity. We live in an inertial reference frame, or bubble of energy blasting through space. If the forces defining this reference can be altered, the concept of velocity and speed would no longer apply.

Trying to break through the light barrier is like trying to go in through an out door. Obviously there will be a huge energy requirement to "smash" through a barrier with brute force. The energy requirements are much less when the "door" is opened the right way or the barrier removed. Much less effort is required and the end result will be the same as if you broke through the barrier.

Consider, for example, breaking the sound barrier in air. removing the air or air friction against a jet. If the air around the jet could be pushed away from it in all direction, there would be no sonic boom, and no sound barrier.( nor would the engines work but it is just an example ) Present interstellar space vehicles all propose accelerating faster and faster with a set initial mass, which at speeds close to light causes an increase in mass and further energy requirements for acceleration. But the real question is, "What is reacting against the mass as we accelerate it?" What if a vehicle could decrease this reaction against acceleration? If the space ship decreases the initial mass to near zero, or imparts mass directly with kinetic energy, or the resistance to acceleration is removed, than the degree of acceleration can be extremly high and the speed of light barrier is of no consequence.

Marc Millis, former head of NASA’s Breakthrough Propulsion Physics Project, explains in this video how it might be possible to achieve superluminal travel using our current understanding of the universe. This guy seems to know what he’s talking about so take a look for yourselves.

Rather than trying to force a ship against the light speed barrier by continuous acceleration, this system uses its modest energy to " decelerate " or reduce the resistance to acceleration to near zero, zero, or even negatively at which point the mass can "move" without resistance. This interstellar vehicle achieves this effect indirectly by controlling an intense pulsating electromagnetic field which effects the entire mass of the vehicle. This induces an electromagnetic field which is opposed to the generated electromagnetic field existing within vehicle. This gives difference in field potential will propel the spaceship without propellant. The starship indirectly controls the stress in the Space/Time around it.

By reducing your mass ( or more accurately in this case, the inertial reactance of the mass ) to zero the speed of light barrier becomes irrelevant. The energy requirement is simply the negative of total energy in the mass of the spaceship, which will be considerably less than infinity and entirely within the bounds of the electromagnetic energy storage capabilities of the starship. This is the real secret to interstellar travel.

Understanding Light
My discussion on the properties of light, if you missed it.

A Brief Discussion on the Nature of Time

There are certain properties of time extremely relevant to interstellar propulsion. This discussion deserves an entire chapter in its own right, but this brief summary will have to suffice for now. Of all the fundamental Universal constructs, the mechanism and nature of Time is probably the most misunderstood. The media concepts and current explanations of travelling through time, the fourth dimension, paradoxes and relativity have led to this unnecessary complexity. Luckily, like the other fundamental forces and principles, a very good understanding of Time can be achieved through everyday examples and demonstrations. Like electricity, magnetism, and gravity, time is an important part of our everyday lives. In fact time defines what we perceive as reality, as much as the electric, magnetic or mechanical forces do. As you would expect, time and electromagnetodynamics are intimately related to one another. A better understanding of this relationship is required in order to grasp how time can be manipulated and controlled.

Time is best defined by relativity theory, but how does relativity and time really influence our reality? Einstein himself once said that fewer than 10 people really understood what relativity theory implied. So beyond all the complex mathematics and theory there is a common sense explanation, which the complex mathematics attempts to model. In the context of relativity theory, time can be simplified to; time is a measure of change. These two entities, change and the changed, are not just relative to one another, they are defining characteristics, or a dimension of the Universe, the dimension of time. Without change, time no longer exists. Without something to change, time no longer exists. If there is no change, there is no movement, everything would appear stopped, and therefore we would no longer have any context within which to measure the passage of time. Relativity theory defines this fundamental concept of change, upon which the entire concept of dimensionality relies.

Space without Time cannot and does not exist. Likewise, Time without Space is meaningless. This is an important part of relativity theory and led to the use of the term Space/Time. Space/Time is, in actuality, a single entity within which the electromagnetodynamic field and time operate. It would be equally valid to call Space/Time, a unified field within which the electromagnetodynamic field and time are special cases. The electromagnetodynamic field potentials, require time and space for context, as they are dynamic, changing over time, and occupy a volume of space. Gravity or electromagnetodynamic fields changing in time, stress (or warp) Space/Time. Thus time is the fourth dimension, and space is defined by the three spacial dimensions (electric potential, magnetic potential, and mechanical potential). Thus Space/Time is considered a four dimensional entity in relativity theory.

The normal flow of time (your current perception of time), is best described as a difference between the rate of change you perceive and the rate of change actually occurring. To better explain let me provide some simple examples of how this directly applies to how you see in everyday life. As an observer, a human being is a very unique case. Most people are unaware of the processing speed of their own brains and how this effects their perception of time. What you most need to remember is, the human brain has a fixed or set speed at which it can process information. What this means is the brain can only process sensory information so fast (visual or otherwise). Things happening outside this range are not perceived, or are perceived in a much different way. If you look at a fan when it is off you cannot see what is behind the blades because the blades block your view. When the fan is running, you can see everything on the other side of the blades. Because they are moving too fast for your brain to perceive, your eyes instead see the background. You can think of an atom like a combination of many fan blades running at different speeds. Things moving too slowly (like a plant growing) or too fast (like a bullet) appear much differently to us, one seems not to not change at all, and the other we cannot even see. Only by either slowing the bullet down or speeding up the growth, can we observe the changes occurring. The time dimension has this quality, you can either go really fast or really slow, relative to your present time.

Television and movies make use of this fact. Television and movies work by flashing consecutive still images on a screen which the brain will perceive as a normal flow of time. This same principle applies to reality. Your perception of time depends entirely on how fast your brain can process the input it receives. If a movie is sped up or slowed down the observer sees time speed up or slow down. As always the reverse is also true. If the human brain were to be sped up or slowed down, again the observer would perceive a change in the flow of time. The objects, particles or atoms we perceive as solidity and stable reality are truly only waves of electromagnetodynamic energy changing or standing in time. Without time and space, atoms nor particles, nor anything for that matter has any context within which to exist. Time defines the reality you perceive, as much as the space you�re in and the objects around you, defines your reality.

Besides a little relativity and biology, a little more information is required to visualize how a machine could be made to travel the dimension of time. It has been shown on this website how the speed of light is related to the electromagnetodynamic potentials of space, but how does time relate to the speed of light? The observed constancy of the velocity of light in our Universe is due to a very simple fact, our Universe has a clock. In our Universe time is known to flow at a constant rate, this could be called the fundamental frequency of time, or the fastest transfer of electromagnetic energy possible. Everything changes and moves in time with this fundamental timing cycle of our Universe. The rate that time flows is a direct result of the speed of light. Almost like the speed of the movie film through the projector, except unlike a movie the equivalent frame rate of reality is many, many times faster. Let me provide an example to help visualize the concept.

There is a simple device known as a stroboscope which demonstrates how time operates. A stroboscope flashes a light on some rotating object. If flashed at the same rate as the rotating object, it can make it appear like the rotation stops. This is because the light will always shine on the object when it is in the same exact position (an auto timing light is a stroboscope). The fundamental timing pulse of the Universe is the same as the flashing light of the stroboscope. It defines what will be observed. This clocking of the Universe is an absolute necessity for ever changing patterns of electrodynamic energy to be observed as static, fixed, unchanging or stopped things (particles, atoms). The apparent solidity of matter is dependent entirely on the timing differences between the fundamental timing, the frequencies of the energy composing the matter, the frequencies of the local space around the matter and the rate of change the observer can actually perceive. The timing differences between different regions of space, separate and define those regions of space. Just like if two fans spinning at very different rates are brought together they will collide, yet if they are in sync, spinning together in perfect timing, they can be brought together and even passed through one another. Timing is everything in our Universe.

So how does the speed of light limit the speed of a starship, and how does time figure into all this? If you could somehow get a starship to travel exactly at the speed of light, you would completely lose your connection to your local �clock�, and would cease to exist in the flow of time of the Universe. If you�re travelling as fast as the flow of reality (the flow of time), then the flow of reality would appear to stop (time would stop). The same as two cars travelling the same speed appear stationary to each other. This would not be a pleasant experience for our would be interstellar space traveller. The astronaut would loose his sense of time, possibly experiencing an eternity over seconds. Each region or volume of Space has a unique flow of time, depending on the degree of electromagnetic field and kinetic energy within that Space. The ammount of electromagnetic field and kinetic energy determine the rate at which time will flow in this volume of Space. A interstellar traveller must travel not only a huge distance through Space, but he must adapt himself to the different flow of time in his new destination. This is simalar to adjusting the human body to differences in altitude.

This is not really a bad thing for would be interstellar explorers, or for life in general. Time and electromagnetodynamics are directly related, so any changes in one dimension will always have corresponding effects in the other dimensions. If you increase the electromagnetodynamic stress in a volume of space, you will decrease the speed of light through that space, thus slowing time. Likewise a region of space lacking electromagnetodynamic potential allows the space to change faster (closer to the speed of light) and time flows faster. Our normal flow of time is primarily due to the changing electromagnetodynamic fields of the Earth. The Sun, Moon, and Earth are very dense regions of stress, able to warp space and thus slow time. In fact a normal clock will run faster if in orbit around Earth than if on the surface. Because of these stresses, light never follows a straight, direct path but is slightly bent by the stresses in the space it travels through. For the photon of light, no time passes. Thus time for us on Earth flows much slower than it potentially could. If not limited in this fashion, everything would happen at the speed of light, and every event would occur at once. The Universe would end as soon as it began. We are used to the specific flow of time which exists around our Earth.

However, this warpage or stress is never static. Our Earth follows a very dynamic path through the Universe. It rotates, orbits the Sun, and the Sun and entire solar system are on a trajectory through our Galaxy. All this momentum( mass and energy ) must be taken into account to navigate Space/Time. The distance you wish to travel through hyperspace requires the difference in electromagnetodynamic potentials between the departure and arrival points. Those potentials also define where and when in Space/Time those points exist, and what the local speed of light is (flow of time) in that particular volume of Space/Time. Therefore a spaceship must have the ability to manipulate electromagnetodynamic field on the same scale of a planet. To better explain; A starship needs to simulate the fields between stars, an interplanetary ship would need to simulate the fields between planets. The starship could still not ever travel faster than the Universal speed of light or Universal clock speed, but could travel faster or slower than the local normal flow of time we are aware of. That is, the starship could overpower the local clock signal by creating its own isolated clock, and a thus a new dynamic path through space.

Again, although impossible to travel the Universal speed of light, we can manipulate our local perception of the flow of time. It actually does not take much energy at all to travel outside the normal flow of time. It is more of a shift or change in the timing of the energy/matter in relation to the Earth's own energy/matter (a phase shift).

Induction Drive

Induction driving refers to the ability of a system to create a direct reaction against Space/Time itself. A simple experiment with a solenoid chronograph proves that there is a direct relationship between all movement and the electromagnetic field. This relationship is especially true when the movement is occurring within an ambient electromagnetic field already, which in nearly all cases it is. Consider a magnet falling through a solenoid and a solenoid falling onto a stationary magnet. Both cases will induce current within the solenoid despite the relative differences in the motion. The principle and reaction are the same. In fact even for substances considered "non-magnetic" there is sufficient electromagnetodynamic reactance to measure a weak current flow with sensitive enough measuring equipment. We may quite correctly consider electromagnetic fields to be the primary resistance against acceleration. In fact for a reverse of this experiment consider the ability to levitate non-magnetic materials in an intense magnetic field. There is a documented case in which a living frog was suspended in this fashion. The relationship between magnetism, electricity, and momentum or kinetic forces define the fundamental physical structure and interrelationships of our Universe. Any 3 dimensional volume in Space/Time will be its very definition, require three physical forces to define this volume. Each force acts in one of the three dimensions, defining the volume of Space/Time. Even what we consider as "Empty" space, must still have physical properties and characteristics if it occupies a volume of Space/Time. There can be nothing in the Universe which does not occupy a volume of Space/Time. By understanding the physcial properties of Space/Time, we can manipulate these forces and thus manipulate Space/Time.

Current space propulsion systems rely on brute mechanical force. The mass of the spaceship is forced against some resistance to the acceleration. In fact, within relativity mass is defined only as "resistance to accleration". By understanding the properties of Space/Time, we can better define the true nature of this "resistance to acceleration". In fact, what we find is we can eliminate or control this resistance to acceleration directly using electromagnetic fields. What has been defined as stress in Space/Time is electromagnetic stress. That is electromagnetic fields are the mechanism or measure of stress in Space/Time. Using electromagnetic fields we can control the local stress in Space/Time for propulsion. We can induce acceleration directly with electromagnetic fields, rather than working against these natural resistances with brute mechanical force. The previous examples of magnetohydrodynamic submarine propulsion clearly show this concept is not science-fiction. The Lorentz force is a form of direct acceleration using electromagnetic fields, field propulsion.

This is a unique method of imparting motion. In technical terms this propulsion system could be called a One Inductor Drive. Only through contained, harmonic, resonant amplification and feedback of the electromagnetic field, to extreme levels, will sufficient magnitude of Lorentz force be developed for propulsion. This space propulsion system has more in common with magnetohydrodynamic submarine propulsion and musical instruments, than it has with any rocket or jet technology. You might even loosly describe it as a cross between a nuclear submarine, a magnetic resonance imaging machine and an alternating current conduction magnetohydromagnetic pump.

The induction drive can be considered the engine or means of propulsion for the space propulsion systems described on this website. However, the one inductor drive described is only one device out of many different designs which could produce or utilize these same propulsive effects. There are likely hundreds of different systems and devices which could apply the concepts proposed here. Induction drive is the mechanism and revolutionary breakthrough required for mankind to begin to explore extreme distances in outer space.

Prospects for a Breakthrough in Field Dependent Propulsion
A.C. HOLT,
NASA Johnson Space Center

Gravitational field Propulsion pdf

Link to more References

Summary of Space System Operation

The system shown and described within this website represents many years of research and work. To summarize many years of understanding into a couple of paragraphs is a difficult process prone to inevitable miscommunication. As stated many times previously, comprehension of this system will necessitate an understanding of the interrelationships of all the material discussed.

A breakdown of the usage of electrical energy and how it is transduced to induce motion follows:

Initially a large electrical impulse is generated by the power shaping electronics of the craft and the large on board power source. This electromagnetic impulse is applied to the base of the main power pole and will travel throughout the vehicle from that point. Any significant feature or dimension will be a harmonic measure based on this initial input point. Power distribution throughout the vehicle is simple, based on harmonic interaction due to distances from the source. This impulse is repeated in time with the natural electrical harmonics within the vehicles components. These repetitive inputs will oscillate between the main power shell and the stern spheroids of the craft, back and forth through the main power pole. Repetitive impulses at this natural harmonic and sub-harmonics will increase the total strength of the oscillating energy. The total field strength can be decreased through dissonant impulses being introduced or increased through resonant impulses. This field of energy can be likened to the creation of a powerful tornado of electromagnetic energy encompassing the entire mass of the spacecraft. The difference is the energy does not technically rotate or occillate but forms a powerful standing wave condition.

The Propulsion system uses this "contained" resonant electromagnetic field to induce a mechanical impulse on the external reference frame through induction. Outwardly no electromagnetic oscillation would be apparent ( outwardly neutral ) as a standing wave condition would exist within the power pole and connected drive components. The main coil ( figure 3 ) which is inductively coupled with the main pole will receive magnetic impulses from the oscillations in the main pole, but due to its design will not re-radiate said impulses. In this way the main coil essentially acts as a magnetic pressure tank and will increase in magnetic field intensity as long as further impulses occur ( which are greater than the coils internal losses, suggesting the use of super conduction ). Likewise the main power pole, main coil, capacitive elements and input power from the power shaping system allow the vehicle to act like a huge radio frequency laser or raser, where stimulated emission of radio energy occurs further enhancing the strength of the electromagnetic field. Thus energy required for traveling a distance through space is stored up over time. This negates the need for an overly large on board source of power or fuel.

Since the overall layout of the electric and magnetic components puts all electrical fields out of phase with all magnetic fields ( by ninety degrees ) and a large percentage of the total electromagnetic field is orientated ninety degrees to the vertical axis of the vehicle, there is an associated Lorenz or Lenz force produced by these fields ( figure 1 and figure 2 ). The arrangement of the main coil and the main pole contribute greatly to the power of this effect. This force is generated similarly to the magnetohydrodynamic AC conduction pump or an electronic high power version of the helical induction pump. The difference is the fields are contained, circular and generate primarily internal impulses( external impulses are considered a loss ). The propulsion system can be loosely considered as a type of electromagnetic helicopter, where the blades are electromagnetic fields and can be rotated at much higher rates and the total power can be many times greater. As a general comparison consider that an ordinary helicopters rotors maximum rpm is maybe 5000 whereas with this system the comparable rpm would be around 50 million rpm. Another difference is the fields rotate or counterotate internally generating a more pure form of reactionary motion. This is the secret of propellentless propulsion.

As the electromagnetic impulses augment ( or continue to feedback and constructively amplify ) the resultant total impulse force generated by the portion of electromagnetic field in the Lorenz configuration increases. The rate of the mechanical impulses generated is the same as the rate of the initial electromagnetic impulses, which is the same as the rate of electromagnetic oscillation in the main pole, which is the same as the rate of oscillation in the main coil which all combined at such a high frequency )result in the production of a relatively constant force. It should be stressed again that not only are the electromagnetic resonance characteristics taken into account but the mechanical resonances of the impulse frequency must also be considered. Thus the sizes and ratios of all the components and materials as well as there electric, magnetic and mechanical reactance must be carefully calculated. Through the phase relationships and power storage of the aft spheroids, main coil, and the main power shell and the control over these relationships by the power shaping systems, manipulation of the electromagnetodynamic field produced by the craft can be modified for intelligent navigation and control.